Two-scale interaction of wake and blockage effects in large wind farms

Turbine wake and farm blockage effects may significantly impact the power produced by large wind farms. In this study, we perform large-eddy simulations (LES) of 50 infinitely offshore farms with different turbine layouts directions. The LES results are combined two-scale momentum theory (Nishino & Dunstan, J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 894, 2020, p. A2) to investigate aerodynamic performance but finite-sized as well. is found be a strong function array density, whereas depends on both density layout. An analytical model derived from predicts very well for all investigated can therefore used an upper limit performance. We also propose new method quantify turbine-scale losses (due turbine–wake interactions) farm-scale reduction farm-average speed). They depend strength atmospheric response farm, our suggest that, farms, typically more than twice losses. This due interaction between induction effects, explaining why layout varies response.